Self-energizing synchronizer with force limiting

ABSTRACT

A pin-type, double-acting synchronizer mechanism (22) includes friction clutches (24,36 and 26,38), jaw clutches (28,14b,16b), self-energizing ramps, (13f,13g,13h,13i and 29e,29f,29g,29h), and springs (33) to limit the maximum self-energizing or additive force provided by the ramps. The ramps act between a shaft (12) and jaw clutch (28). A shift flange (32) is rotatably fixed to the jaw clutch (28) by splines which allow relative axial movement against the force of the springs (33). The jaw clutch (28) and the shaft (12) include mating splines (29,13) divided into spline portions (29a,29b,29c,29d and 13a,13b,13c,13d,13e) to define the ramps to control limited relative rotation between the jaw clutch (28) and shaft (12), and to provide surface area and structural strength for transmitting full torque to the shaft and gears.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is related to U.S. application Ser. Nos. 07/632,880;07/632,881; 07/632,882; 07/632,883; 07/633,703; 07/633,704; 07/633,738;07/633,739; 07/633,743; 07/633,744; Dec. 24, 1990, all assigned to theassignee of this application, and all incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to synchronizer mechanisms for a transmission.More specifically, the invention relates to such mechanisms of theself-energizing type with means to limit self-energizing force.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It is well known in the multiple ratio transmission art thatsynchronizer mechanisms may be used to reduce shift time of all or someof the transmission gear ratios. It is also known that the shift effortrequired by a vehicle operator, i.e., force applied to a shift lever,may be reduced by use of synchronizer mechanisms of the self-energizingtype. Since operator shift effort generally increases with vehicle sizeand weight, synchronizer mechanisms of the self-energizing type areespecially important for heavy duty trucks. Prior art examples of suchmechanisms may be seen by reference to U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,410,511;2,896,760; 3,548,983; 4,413,715; 4,836,348; and 4,869,353 which areincorporated herein by reference.

The synchronizer mechanisms of the above patents include friction andjaw members for respectively synchronizing and positive clutching a gearto a shaft; blockers engaged in response to a pre-energizer effectinginitial engagement of the friction members in response to initialengaging movement of one of the jaw members by a shift force, theblockers being operative to prevent asynchronous engagement of the jawmembers and to transmit the shift force to the friction members toincrease synchronizing torque thereof; and self-energizing rampsreacting the torque to provide an additional force in the direction ofan additive to the shift force for further increasing the synchronizingtorque of the friction members.

The basic purpose of such self-energizing synchronizer mechanisms is ofcourse to provide faster synchronizing times with relatively moderateshift force from a manually operated shift lever for example. For agiven synchronizer mechanism geometry and shift force, the additionalforce may be varied by varying the angles of the self-energizing ramps.In theory, ideal ramp angles exist which produce maximum controllableadditional forces. For the frame of ramp angle references herein, theadditional forces decreases as the ramp angles increase. Ramp anglesless than the ideal angles produce uncontrollable additional forces,which once initiated, rapidly increase independent of the shift forceand quickly drive the cone clutch to a lock-up condition. Ramp anglesproducing uncontrollable additional forces are said to be self-lockingrather than self-energizing. Self-locking decreases shift quality orfeel, may over stress synchronizer and other components, may causeoverheating and rapid wear of the cone clutch surfaces, and may evenoverride operator movement of the shift lever.

In practice the so called ideal ramp angles may vary substantially dueto any of several variables, e.g., coefficient of friction variations,ramp surface wear, manufacturing tolerances, etc.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of this invention is to provide a self-energizing synchronizermechanism which limits the additional forces produced by self-energizingramps.

According to a feature of the invention, a self-energizing synchronizermechanism is provided for a first gear secured against axial movement ona shaft having an axis about which the gear and shaft rotate relative toeach other. The mechanism comprises: first friction and jaw meansdrivingly connected to the shaft and respectively engagable withfriction and jaw means affixed to the first gear for respectivelysynchronizing and positive connecting the first gear to the shaft inresponse to a shift force axially directed toward the first gear movinga shift means toward the first gear; first and second blocker meansoperative when engaged for preventing engagement of the jaw means priorto the synchronizing; pre-energizer means for engaging the frictionmeans in response to initial axial movement of the shift means by theshift force from a neutral position toward the first gear, for engagingthe blocker means in response to engagement of the friction meansproducing an initial synchronizing torque, and for transmitting theshift force to the first friction means via the blocker means toincrease the engaging force of the friction means; and firstself-energizing means including first and second ramp means engagable inresponse to synchronizer torque in one direction for reacting thesynchronizing torque between the friction means and the shaft and forproducing an axial additional force which further increases the forceengaging the first friction means.

The improvement is characterized by resilient means for limiting theadditional force.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The synchronizer mechanism of the invention is shown in the accompanyingdrawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a double-acting synchronizer mechanismlooking along line 1—1 of FIG. 2;

FIG. 2 is a partially sectioned view looking along line 2—2 of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 partially illustrates the position of self-energizing ramps whenthe mechanism is in a neutral or declutched position of FIGS. 1 and 2;

FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate the ramps in a self-energizing position; and

FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate the ramps when the synchronizer mechanism isan engaged or clutch position.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Looking first mainly at FIGS. 1-3, therein is shown a gear andsynchronizer assembly 10 for an otherwise unshown transmission of thetype intended for use in a land vehicle, particularly of the type usedin heavy duty trucks. However, assembly 10 may be used in otherapplications. The assembly includes a shaft 12 mounted for rotationabout a central axis 12a in unshown manner, spaced apart ratio gears14,16 rotatably supported on the shaft and secured against axialmovement relative to the shaft by annular thrust members 18,20 affixedto the shaft in known manner, and a double-acting pin-type synchronizerclutch mechanism 22. When assembly 10 is part of a twin countershafttransmission, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,648,546 and4,788,889, which patents are incorporated herein by reference, teeth14a, 16a on the gears will be in constant mesh with engine driven gears15,17 on countershafts, shaft 12 will be connected to or selectivelyconnectable to a load, and shaft 12 will be free to move somewhatradially as is well known in the prior art. Herein gear 14 represents alower speed ratio gear than does gear 16; both may be up and downshifted into.

The synchronizer mechanism 22 includes annular friction members 24,26and jaw clutch members 14b, 16b affixed to gears 14, 16, a jaw clutchmember 28 having internal spline teeth 29 with pressure flank surfacesslidably matable with flank surfaces of external spline teeth 13integrally formed with the shaft or otherwise affixed thereto andexternal spline teeth 30, a radially extending shift flange 32 havinginternal spline teeth 32a mating with external spline teeth 30 andbiased to the position of FIG. 1 by forces of spring washers 33 axiallyretained on jaw clutch member 28 by thrust members 34, annular frictionmembers or rings 36,38 rigidly secured together by threecircumferentially spaced apart pins 40 extending axially from each ofthe friction members and through openings 32b in the flange, and threecircumferentially spaced apart pre-energizer assemblies 42 of the splitpin-type extending axially between the friction members and throughopenings 32c alternately spaced between openings 32b. Opposite ends ofjaw member external splines define jaw teeth 30a, 30b which respectivelymate with internal jaw teeth 14c, 16c of jaw members 14b, 16b to effectpositive connection of the gears to the shaft. Mating spline teeth30,32a allow relative sliding movement between jaw member 28 and flange32, and prevent relative rotational movement therebetween. Splines 29,13have portions thereof removed to define self-energizing ramps asexplained further hereinafter.

Alternatively, synchronizer mechanism 22 may be of the single-actingpin-type, i.e., configured to synchronize and jaw clutch only one gearto a shaft; such a mechanism is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,221,851which is incorporated herein by reference. Pins 40 may be more or lessin number than disclosed herein and other types of pre-energizerassemblies 42 may be used. Further, mechanism 22 may be other than thepin-type.

As is readily seen, friction members 24,36 and 26,38 pair up to definefriction clutches for synchronizing the gears to the shaft prior toengagement of the jaw clutches. Cone clutches are preferred; however,other types of friction clutches may be used. Friction members 24,26 maybe affixed to the associated gears in any of several known ways, e.g.,by welding, or, as is known in the art, they may be formed integral withthe gears. Friction members 24,26 have internal cone friction surfaces24a, 26a which respectively mate with external cone friction surfaces36a, 38a. Members 24,26 and 36,38 also are respectively referred to assynchronizer cups and rings.

A wide range of cone angles may be used; herein, cone angles of betweentwelve degrees and seven and one-half degrees are contemplated. Thefriction surfaces 36a, 38a and/or 24a, 26a may be defined by any ofseveral known friction materials affixed to the base member; herein, apyrolytic carbon friction material, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.4,700,823; 4,844,218; and 4,778,548 are preferred. These patents areincorporated herein by reference.

Each pin 40 includes major diameter portions 40a having diametersslightly less than the diameter of flange openings 32b, a reduceddiameter or groove portion 40b spaced between friction rings 36,38(herein midway), and conical blocker shoulders or surfaces 40c, 40dextending radially outward from the pin axis and axially away from eachother at angles relative to a line normal to the pin axis. The groovedportions, when disposed within their respective flange openings, allowlimited rotation of the rigid friction ring and pin assembly relative tothe flange to effect engagement of the pin blocker shoulders withchamfered blocker shoulders 32d, 32e defined about the flange openings.The blocker shoulders, when engaged, prevent engagement of the jawclutches until synchronism or substantial synchronism is reached.

Pre-energizer assemblies 42 are of the split pin-type disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 4,252,222 which is incorporated herein by reference. Eachassembly 42 includes a pair of semi-cylindrical shell halves 44 having amajor diameter less than the diameter of openings 32c when squeezedtogether, semi-annular grooves 44a with chamfered ends 44b and a leafspring 46 for biasing the annular grooves apart to engage the groovechamfers with flange chamfers 32f formed about opposite ends of openings32c. The ends of the shell halves 44 abut friction rings 36,38 and aredisposed within elongated recesses 36b, 38b therein.

Shaft splines 13, four of which are schematically illustrated in FIGS.3, 4A, and 5A, include spline tooth portions 13a, 13b, 13c, 13d, 13ewhich are axially spaced apart by removal or omission of portions ofspline teeth 13. Tooth portion 13a, 13c include self-energizing rampsurfaces 13f, 13g and 13h, 13i. In an analogous manner, the jaw clutchmember internal splines 29 include tooth portions 29a, 29b, 29c, 29dwhich are axially spaced apart by removal or omission of portions ofspline teeth 29. Tooth portions 29a, 29d include self-energizing rampsurfaces 29e, 29f and 29g, 29h.

When it is desired to couple either gear to the shaft, an appropriateand unshown shift mechanism connected to the other periphery of flange32 in known manner moves the flange axially along the axis of shaft 12either left to couple gear 14 or right to couple gear 16. The shiftmechanism may be manually moved by an operator through a linkage system,may be selectively moved by an actuator, or may be moved by means whichautomatically initiate shift mechanism movement and which also controlsthe magnitude of the force applied by the shift mechanism. When theshift mechanism is manually moved, the force is proportional to theforce applied by the operator to a shift lever. Whether manually orautomatically applied, the force is applied to flange 32 in an axialdirection and is represented by arrow F_(o) in FIG. 4A.

When shift flange 32 and jaw member 28 are in the neutral position ofFIGS. 1, 2, and 3, jaw member 28 is secured against rotation relative tothe shaft by the close sliding mesh of spline portions 13a, 29a and 13c,29d. When jaw teeth 30a or 30b of member 28 are in mesh with jaw teeth14c or 16c of gears 14 or 16, three of the spline portions of the shaftand the jaw members are in close mesh with each other to providesufficient spline surface area and structural strength for transmittingfull load torque between the shaft and the gears. As may be seen inFIGS. 5A and 5B wherein jaw teeth 30a, 14c are in mesh, shaft splineportions 13d, 13a, 13b are respectively in close mesh with jaw memberspline portions 29a, 29b, 29c. Further, it may be seen that theself-energizing ramps are not engaged and therefore are not subjected towear due to full load torque transmission between the gears and shaft.

When flange 32 and jaw member 28 are initially moved axially from theneutral position toward either of the gears, jaw member spline portions29a, 29d respectively move out of their close sliding mesh with shaftspline portions 13a, 13c to allow limited rotation of flange 32 and jawmember 28 relative to shaft 12. This initial flange movement engages thechamfered ends of pre-energizers 42 for transferring flange movement tothe friction rings and effecting initial frictional engagement with oneof the friction member cones. The initial frictional engagement providesan initial synchronizing torque for rotating blocker pins 40 relative toflange openings 32b to effect engagement of the flange and pin blockershoulders, and for engaging the self-energizing ramps to provide anadditive axial force F_(a) (FIG. 4A) for increasing the total engagingforce F_(t) of the cone clutch and the synchronizing torque providedthereby. For reasons explained further hereinafter, the additive forceF_(a) may exceed desired values; accordingly, the additive force F_(a)is transferred from jaw member 28 to flange 32 via washer springs 33which limit the maximum value of force F_(a).

The axial spacing between the spline portions is such that relativerotation between shaft 12 and jaw member 28 is maintained while the jawmember is being moved from the neutral position of FIGS. 1 and 3 to theengaged position with one of the gears. For example, during movement ofmember 28 toward gear 14 as illustrated in FIGS. 4A and 4B, thedirection of synchronizing torque has engaged self-energizing rampsurfaces 13h, 29h to produce the additive axial force F_(a) in thedirection of gear 14. While the ramp surfaces are engaged and therebylimiting the extend of relative rotation, the mutually facing axial endsof spline portion 13d, 29a are axially spaced apart enough to notcontact and interfere with the action of the self-energizing rampsurfaces. As synchronization is reached and the blocker shoulders offlange 32 and pins 40 disengage to permit continued leftward movement ofthe jaw member, the leading ends of spline portions 29a enter the spacesbetween spline portions 13d prior to complete separation of rampsurfaces 13h, 29h, whereby the limiting relative rotational relationbetween the shaft and jaw member is maintained. The wedge shape of theleading ends of spline portions 13d, 29a clock the spline portions intoproper alignment to allow completion of the shift as shown in FIGS. 5Aand 5B. In an analogous manner, during movement of jaw member 28 towardgear 16, the self-energizing ramp surfaces of spline portions 13a, 29aengage to limit relative rotation and the leading axial ends of splineportions 29d enter the spaces between spline portions 13e as the shiftis being completed.

Ramp surfaces may be provided for synchronizing one or both gears and/orfor synchronizing in response to torque in either direction, as isencountered for up and down shifts. By way of example only, rampsurfaces 13h, 13i, 29g, 29h provide the additive axial force to increasesynchronization of gear 14 in response to torque in either direction,and ramp surfaces 13f, 13g, 29e, 29f provide the additive axial forcefor gear 16 in response to torque in either direction. The angles of theramp surfaces may be varied to provide different amounts of additiveaxial force for up and down shifts and for shifts into high and/or lowspeed ratios. Also, if no additive axial force is preferred in onedirection for one gear or more, the ramp surfaces may be parallel to theshaft splines. For example purposes only, matable ramp surfaces 13h, 29hand/or 13f, 29f may be parallel to the shaft axis 12a to provide noadditive axial force in response to synchronizing torque whileupshifting into gears 14,16.

More specifically with respect to a shift into gear 14, initial axialleftward movement of flange 32 by the shift mechanism engages flangechamfers 32f with pre-energizer chamfers 44b to effect movement offriction ring surface 36a into engagement with friction surface 24a. Theinitial engagement force of friction surfaces 36a, 24a is of course afunction of the force of springs 46 and the angles of the pre-energizerchamfers. The initial frictional engagement (provided an asynchronouscondition exists and momentarily ignoring the effect of theself-energizing ramps) produces an initial cone clutch engaging forceand synchronizing torque T_(o) which ensures limited relative rotationbetween flange 32 and the engaged friction ring, and hence, movement ofhe reduced diameter pin portions 40b to the appropriate sides of theflange openings 32b to provide engagement of pin blocker shoulders 40cwith flange blocker shoulders 32d. When the blocker shoulders areengaged, full operator shift force F_(o) on flange 32 is transmitted tofriction ring 36 via the blocker shoulders, whereby the cone clutch isengaged by the full force of the operator shift force F_(o) to provide aresultant operator synchronizing torque T_(o). This operatorsynchronizing torque T_(o) is represented by arrow T_(o) in FIG. 4A.Since the blocker shoulders are disposed at angles relative to the axialdirection of operator shift force F_(o), they produce a counter force orunblocking torque which is counter to the synchronizing torque from thecone clutch but of lesser magnitude during asynchronous conditions. Assubstantial synchronism is reached, the synchronizing torque drops belowthe unblocking torque, whereby the blocker shoulders move the pins intoconcentric relation with openings 32b to allow continued axial movementof the flange and engagement of the external jaw teeth 30a of jaw member28 with internal jaw teeth 14c of jaw member 14b. As is known in theprior art and as is specified by reference numbers only for jaw member16b, the lead portions of the jaw teeth 16c in FIG. 4B have rake leadingedges 16d to reduce tooth damage during initial contact, and havechamfer or wedge faces 16e to clock the teeth into mating alignment. Jawteeth with such lead portions are disclosed in greater detail in U.S.Pat. No. 4,246,993 which is incorporated herein by reference along withU.S. Pat. No. 3,265,173 which provides a teaching for the proper rakeangles. The wedge faces, which may be asymmetric, prevent delay of shiftcompletion due to abutting contact of the leading edges of the teeth. Tofacilitate smooth and relatively effortless completion of shifts, thejaw teeth are preferably as fine or small, as practicable, in thecircumferential direction, thereby minimizing the number or rotationalclocking degrees necessary to matingly align the jaw teeth. In ananalogous manner, the lead portions of spline teeth 13d, 13e areprovided with rake leading edges and chamfer or wedge faces for improvedengagement with the self-energizing ramp surfaces of jaw clutch toothportions 29a,29d, respectively.

Still ignoring the effects of the self energizing ramps, cone clutchtorque provided by the force F_(o) is expressed by equation (1).

T _(o) =F _(o) R _(c)μ_(c)/sin α  (1)

where:

R_(c)=the mean radius of the cone friction surface,

μ_(c)=the coefficient of friction of the cone friction surface, and

α=the angle of the cone friction surfaces.

Looking now at the affects of the self-energizing ramps and referringparticularly to FIGS. 4A and 4B, the synchronizing torque T_(o), due tothe operator applied axial shift force F_(o), is of course transmittedto flange 32 and jaw member 28 by pins 40. The torque T_(o) is reactedto shaft 12 across the self-energizing ramp surfaces. Theself-energizing ramp surfaces limit rotation of the flange and jawmember relative to shaft 12, and produce an axial force component oraxial additive force F_(a) acting on the flange in the same direction asshift force F_(o), thereby further increasing the engaging force of thecone clutch to provide an additive synchronizing torque T_(a) which addsto the torque T_(o). As previously mentioned, FIG. 3 illustrates theposition of the self-energizing ramp surfaces while shift flange 32 isin the neutral position corresponding to the position of FIGS. 1 and 2and FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate a position of the ramps while gear 14 isbeing synchronized by engaged cone surfaces 24a,36a. In the example ofFIGS. 4A and 4B, the engaged cone surfaces are producing a synchronizingtorque in a direction which has effected engagement of self-energizingramp surfaces 13h,29h. Hence, the sum of the axial forces for engagingthe cone clutch is F_(o) plus F_(a) and the sum of the synchronizingtorques being produced by the cone clutch is T_(o) plus T_(a). Theforces and torque are graphically shown in FIG. 4A. For a given operatorshift force F_(o) and an operator synchronizing torque T_(o), themagnitude of the axial additive force F_(a), without the effect ofwasher springs 33 is a function of several variables. The main variablesfor calculating the additive force F_(a) are the angles θ of theself-energizing ramps shown in FIG. 5A, angles α of the cone clutchesshown in FIG. 1, coefficient of friction μ_(c) of the cone clutch, andmeans radii ratio R_(c) of the cone clutch and R_(r) of theself-energizing ramps.

The total synchronizing torque T_(t) produced by the cone clutch is:

T _(t) =F _(t) R _(c)μ_(c)/sin α  (2)

where

T _(t) =T _(o) +T _(a)  (3)

and

F _(t) =F _(o) +F _(a)  (4)

The additive force F_(a) is preferably great enough to significantlyincrease synchronizing torque and decrease synchronizing time inresponse to moderate shift force effort F_(o) by the operator. The forceF_(a), as mentioned above, is a function of the self-energizing rampangles and several other variables, such as, the angles α of the coneclutch friction surfaces, the coefficient of friction μ_(c) of thefriction surfaces, and the mean radii ratio R_(c) of the cone clutch andR_(r) of the self-energizing ramps. The force F_(a) is also a functionof the pressure angle of the self-energizing ramps. Herein, the pressureangle is taken as zero and therefore does not affect the value of F_(a).In theory, fixed or constant values may be selected for the variables toprovide forces F_(a) which significantly increase synchronizing torquefor moderate shift force efforts F_(o) and to provide forces F_(a) whichincrease and decrease respectively in response to the force F_(o)increasing and decreasing. However, in practice such theoretical resultsare difficult to obtain, particularly when the variables are selected toprovide maximum or near maximum controllable forces F_(a), i.e., forcesF_(a) which increase and decrease in response to all operator shiftforce efforts F_(o). This difficultly is due mainly to variations in theso-called fixed variables during manufacture and while in use.Accordingly, by using springs 35 to limit the maximum force of forceF_(a), the synchronizer mechanism may be configured to theoreticallyprovide maximum or over maximum forces F_(a) and then to reduce or limitthe forces to a desired value by the use of springs 33.

A preferred embodiment of self-energizing synchronizer mechanism hasbeen disclosed. Many variations and modifications of the preferredembodiment are believed to be within the spirit of the invention. Thefollowing claims are intended to cover the inventive portions ofdisclosed mechanism and variations and modifications believed to bewithin the spirit of the invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A self-energizing synchronizer mechanism for a first gear secured against axial movement on a shaft having an axis about which the gear and shaft rotate relative to each other, the mechanism comprising: first friction and jaw means respectively engagable with friction and jaw means affixed to the first gear for respectively synchronizing and positive connecting the first gear to the shaft in response to a shift force (F_(o)) axially directed toward the first gear moving a shift means toward the first gear; means connecting the first jaw means for axial movement with the shift means; first and second blocker means operative when engaged for preventing engagement of the jaw means prior to the synchronizing; pre-energizing means for engaging the friction means in response to initial axial movement of the shift means by the shift force (F_(o)) from a neutral position toward the first gear for engaging the blocker means in response to engagement of the friction means producing an initial synchronizing torque (T_(o)) and for transmitting the shift force (F_(o)) to the first friction means via the blocker means to increase the engaging force of the friction means; first self-energizing means including first and second ramp means engagable in response to synchronizing torque (T_(o)) in one direction for reacting the synchronizing torque between the friction means and the shaft and for producing an axial additive force (F_(a)) for further increasing the force engaging the first friction means; characterized by: resilient means engaged by the axial additive force (F _(a)) for limiting the axial additive force (F_(a)). ; means for providing a force path for the shift force (F _(o)) to the first friction means independent of the resilient means.
 2. The synchronizing mechanism of claim 1, wherein: the ramp means are interposed between the shaft and one of the friction means; and the resilient means is interposed between one of the ramp means and one of the friction means.
 3. The synchronizer mechanism of claim 1, wherein: the shift means includes a radially extending flange; the first jaw means including internal spline teeth mating continuously with external spline teeth affixed to the shaft, the internal and external spline teeth having portions thereof removed for defining said first and second ramp means, said ramp means allowing limited relative rotation between the first jaw means and the shaft.
 4. The synchronizer mechanism of claim 3, including means for securing the flange against rotation relative to the first jaw means and for allowing relative axial movement therebetween; and said resilient means reacts between the flange and first jaw means.
 5. The synchronizer mechanism of claim 4, wherein: said resilient means includes at least one spring washer.
 6. The synchronizer mechanism of claim 1, further including a second gear axially spaced from the first gear and secured against axial movement on the shaft for rotation about the shaft axis relative to the shaft and first gear; second friction and jaw means respectively engagable with friction and jaw means affixed to the second gear for respectively synchronizing and positive connecting the second gear to the shaft in response to a shift force (F_(o)) axially directed toward the second gear moving the shift means toward the second gear; third and fourth blocker means operative when engaged for preventing engagement of the second jaw means prior to the synchronizing; pre-energizer means for engaging the second friction means in response to initial axial movement of the shift means by the shift force (F_(o)) from the neutral position toward the second gear, for engaging the third and fourth blocker means in response to engagement of the second friction means producing an initial synchronizing torque (T_(o)), and the initial synchronizing torque for transmitting the shift force (F_(o)) to the second friction means via the third and fourth blocker means to increase the engaging force of the second friction means; and second self-energizing means including third and fourth ramp means engagable in response to synchronizing torque in one direction for reacting the synchronizing torque between the friction means associated with the second gear and the shaft and for producing an axial additive force (F_(a)) for further increasing the force engaging the second friction means; characterized by: resilient means engaged by the axial additive force (F _(a)) for limiting the axial additive force (F_(a)) increasing the force engaging the second friction means. ; means for providing a force path for the shift force (F _(o)) to the first friction means independent of the resilient means.
 7. The synchronizer mechanism of claim 6, wherein: the first and second ramp means are interposed between the shaft and the friction means associated with first gear, and the third and fourth ramp means are interposed between the shaft and the friction means associated with the second gear; and the resilient means is interposed between the first ramp means and one of the friction means associated with the first gear, and between the third ramp means and the friction means associated with the second gear.
 8. The synchronizer mechanism of claim 6, wherein: the shift means includes a radially extending flange; and the first and second jaw means are defined by a rigid annular jaw member having internal spline teeth mating continuously with external spline teeth affixed to the shaft, the internal and external spline teeth having portions thereof removed for defining said first, second, third and fourth ramp means, said ramp means allowing limited relative rotation between the annular jaw member and the shaft.
 9. The synchronizer mechanism of claim 8, including means for securing the flange against rotation relative to the first jaw means and for allowing relative axial movement therebetween; and said resilient means for transmitting and limiting the value of the additive axial forces between the annular jaw member and the flange.
 10. The synchronizer mechanism of claim 9, wherein: said resilient means includes at least one spring washer for transmitting the additive force (F_(a)) to the friction means associated with the first gear and at least one spring washer for transmitting the additive force to the friction means associated with the second gear.
 11. A pin-type synchronizer mechanism for the first and second gears mounted for rotation and secured against movement on a shaft having an axis about which the gears and the shaft rotate, the mechanism comprising: gear friction and jaw means affixed to each gear, the friction means engagable with first and second axially spaced apart and axially movable friction means for respectively synchronizing the first and second gears with the shaft, and the jaw means engagable with axially movable first and second jaw means connected for rotation with the shaft; shift means for axially moving the axially movable friction and jaw means into said engagement in response to an axially bi-directional shift force (F_(o)) applied to the shift means, means connecting the first and second jaw means for axial movement with the shift means; blocker means operative when engaged for preventing engagement of the jaw means prior to the synchronizing; pre-energizer means for engaging either one of the first and second friction means in response to initial axial movement of the shift means by the shift force (F_(o)) from a neutral position toward one of the gears for engaging the blocker means in response to engagement of the friction means producing an initial synchronizing torque (T_(o)), and for transmitting the shift force (F_(o)) to the engaged friction means via the engaged blocker means to increase the engaging force of the engaged friction means; first self-energizing means including first and second ramp means engagable in response to synchronizing torque in one direction for reacting the synchronizing torque between the shaft and friction means associated with first gear and for producing an axial additive force (F_(a)) for further increasing the force engaging the first friction means; second self-energizing means including third and fourth ramp means engagable in response to synchronizing torque in the one direction for reacting the synchronizing torque between the shaft and the friction means associated with the second gear and for producing an axial additive force for further increasing the force engaging the second friction means; characterized by: resilient means for limiting the axial additive forces (F_(a)) increasing the force engaging the first and second friction means.
 12. The synchronizing mechanism of claim 11, wherein: the ramp means are interposed between the shaft and one of the friction means; and the resilient means is interposed between one of the ramp means and one of the friction means.
 13. The synchronizer mechanism of claim 11, wherein: the shift means includes a radially extending flange; the first jaw means including internal spline teeth mating continuously with external spline teeth affixed to the shaft, the internal and external spline teeth having portions thereof removed for defining said ramp means, said ramp means allowing limited relative rotation between the first and second jaw means and the shaft.
 14. The synchronizer mechanism of claim 13, including means for securing the flange against rotation relative to the first and second jaw means and for allowing relative axial movement therebetween; and said resilient means reacts between the flange and first jaw means.
 15. The synchronizer mechanism of claim 14, wherein: said resilient means includes at least two spring washers.
 16. The synchronizer mechanism of claim 11, wherein: the shift means includes a radially extending flange; and the first and second jaw means are defined by a rigid annular jaw member having internal spline teeth mating continuously with external spline teeth affixed to the shaft, the internal and external spline teeth having portions thereof removed for defining said first, second, third and fourth ramp means, said ramp means allowing limited relative rotation between the annular jaw member and the shaft.
 17. The synchronizer mechanism of claim 16, including means for securing the flange against rotation relative to the first jaw means and for allowing relative axial movement therebetween; and said resilient means for transmitting and limiting the value of the additive axial forces between the annular jaw member and the flange.
 18. The synchronizer mechanism of claim 17, wherein: said resilient means includes at least one spring washer for transmitting the additive force (F_(a)) to the friction means associated with the first gear and at least one spring washer for transmitting the additive force to the friction means associated with the second gear.
 19. The synchronizer mechanism of claim 1, wherein: the means for providing the force path for the shift force (F _(o)) independent of the resilient means includes the the first blocker means being rigidly affixed to the shift means.
 20. The synchronizer mechanism of claim 1, wherein: the pre-energizing means including resilient means for transmitting the shift force (F _(o)) from the shift means to the first friction means for producing an initial synchronizing torque effective to cause engagement of the blocker means via a path independent of the blocker means, the engaged blocker means then being operative to transmit the shift force (F _(o)) to the first friction means to increase the engaging force of the friction means; and the self-energizing means including means for transmitting the axial additive force (F _(a)) to the first friction means via the blocker means to further increase the force engaging on the resilient means and the friction means.
 21. The synchronizing mechanism of claim 20, wherein: the pre-energizing means includes a plurality of circumferentially spaced apart pre-energizer assemblies.
 22. The synchronizing mechanism of claim 1, wherein: the ramp means are interposed between the shaft and one of the friction means.
 23. The synchronizer mechanism of claim 1, wherein: said resilient means includes at least one spring washer.
 24. The synchronizer mechanism of claim 1, wherein: the means for transmitting the axial additive force includes means affixed to the shift means for transmitting the axial additive force.
 25. The synchronizer mechanism of claim 6, wherein: the means for providing the force path for the shift force (F _(o)) independent of the resilient means includes the the third first blocker means being rigidly affixed to the shift means.
 26. The synchronizer mechanism of claim 6, wherein: the pre-energizing means including the resilient means for transmitting the shift force (F _(o)) from the shift means to the second friction means for producing an initial synchronizing torque effective to cause engagement of the third and fourth blocker means via a path independent of the third and fourth blocker means, the engaged third and fourth blocker means then being operative to transmit the shift force (F _(o)) to the second friction means to increase the engaging force of the friction means; and the self-energizing means including means for transmitting the axial additive force (F _(a)) to the second friction means via the third and fourth blocker means to further increase the force engaging resilient means and the second friction means.
 27. The synchronizing mechanism of claim 25, wherein: the pre-energizing means includes a plurality of circumferentially spaced apart pre-energizer assemblies.
 28. The synchronizer mechanism of claim 1, wherein: the first and second ramp means are interposed between the shaft and the friction means associated with first gear, and the third and fourth ramp means are interposed between the shaft and the friction means associated with the second gear.
 29. The synchronizer mechanism of claim 6, wherein: said resilient means includes at least one spring washer.
 30. The synchronizer of claim 6, wherein: the means for transmitting the axial additive force includes means affixed to the shift means for transmitting the axial additive force. 